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Glossary of Terms

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A

Acanthosis Nigricans

A skin disorder marked by increased pigmentation or color, most frequently tan to dark brown or black, and most commonly seen on the back of the neck and in skin creases under arms, breasts, between the thighs and occasionally on the hands, elbows and knees. The darkened skin usually has a thickening described as velvety or rough to the touch and is a common symptom of PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome).

Acne

Another PCOS symptom, this skin condition linked to additional oil production in the hair follicle stimulated by overproduction of androgens (male hormones).

Acrochordons

Also known as "skin tags", tiny flaps of skin under the arms, around the neck or in the groin region are commonly found on PCOS sufferers.

Actos (pioglitazone hydrochloride)

A drug that decreases insulin resistance in peripheral and hepatic tissue; it is in a class of anti-diabetic drugs called "thiazolidinediones" that are used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

Adhesion

Web-like growths of scar tissue that bind any of the pelvic organs to one another. This may be caused by surgery, injury or endometriosis and commonly causes pelvic pain.

Adrenal glands

Located above each kidney, adrenal glands are comprised of an outer wall (cortex) that secretes important steroid hormones (aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, estrone) and an inner portion (medulla) that produces epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. These hormones influence many vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, the way the body uses food, adapts to stress and expresses sexual characteristics.

Adrenocortical hormones

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex; e.g., cortisol, aldosterone and androgens (testosterone).

Aldactone (spironolactone)

A potassium sparing diuretic used in hirsutism, PCOS, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, kidney disease, hypertension and in resistant cases of low potassium (hypokalemia). It is also used to counteract the effects of excessive adrenal aldosterone production (as from an adrenal tumor) which influences sodium retention, potassium excretion and blood volume.

Alopecia

Baldness; this condition entails loss of hair, complete or partial, resulting from aging, genetic expression or some type of disease process. Male pattern baldness is a symptom of PCOS.

Alzheimer’s disease

A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function including memory and language. It is the most well known type of dementia.

Amenorrhea

The absence of a menstrual cycle; either primary (failure to begin menstruating by age 16) or secondary (no menstrual cycle for 3 or more months in women who previously had a menstrual cycle).

Androgenic

Pertaining to the development of male characteristics, including body hair, the genital organs and muscle mass.

Androgens

A generic term for compounds such as steroid hormones (testosterone) associated with the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics.

Androstenedione

An androgenic steroid produced by the testis, adrenal cortex and ovary. Androstenedione can be converted metabolically to testosterone and estrone (estrogen pathway).

Anemia

A low red blood cell count. This is caused by heavy menstrual bleeding or other blood loss. The most obvious symptom is fatigue.

Anesthetic

Drugs used to prevent pain during surgery or other procedures. A general anesthetic makes the person unconscious. A local anesthetic numbs the area where the surgery is to be performed. Local anesthetics may be combined with sedatives to make a person relaxed and sleepy but not unconscious.

Anovulation

The absence of ovulation.

Antibiotics

Drugs used to kill bacterial or fungal infections.

Anticonvulsants

Drugs originally developed to treat epileptic seizures, but which may have other useful effects on the nervous system and the body's ability to perceive pain.

Antral Follicle Cound

Resting follicles that are found on the ovary at the beginning of each menstrual cycle. They are approximately 2-8 mm in size. These can be an indication of the ovarian reserve of a woman. A high antral follicle count indicates that a woman has a large number of eggs remaining in her ovary, and sometimes PCOS. Low antral follicle counts show the opposite, that a woman may have a reduced number of eggs and therefore reduced fertility. Doctors can determine the number of antral follicles through a transvaginal ultrasound.

Arteriosclerosis

Literally the hardening and thickening of the arteries. This condition, divided into three distinct variants, can occur due to build up of fat deposits (plaque) on the inner walls of arteries (atherosclerosis), calcification of the wall of the arteries (Monckeberg's medial calcific sclerosis), or thickening of the muscular wall of small arteries and arterioles (arteriolosclerosis).

Assisted Hatching (AH)

Assisted hatching occurs in the lab prior to the embryo transfer. Before the embryo can implant in the uterine wall, it must break out of its membrane. In some women, particularly older women, this membrane has become hardened, making it difficult for the embryo to hatch and implant. The technician will use a laser or a mild acid to thin the shell which then helps in the hatching.

Atherosclerosis

A form of arteriosclerosis that occurs when fatty deposits called plaque cling to the interior walls of the arteries causing narrowing and blockages which can lead to heart attacks, stroke and embolism.

Autoimmune disease

Illness that occurs when body tissues are attacked by their own immune system. It is felt that estrogen in females may influence the immune system to predispose some women to autoimmune diseases. Examples of autoimmune diseases include Juvenile (Type I) Diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, Hashimoto thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease, vitiligo, pernicious anemia and pulmonary fibrosis.

Avandia (rosiglitazone maleate)

A drug that increases insulin sensitivity, it is in a class of anti-diabetic drugs called "thiazolidinediones" that are used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

5 Alpha Reductase

An enzyme responsible for converting the hormone testosterone into its more active form, dihydrotestosterone.




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"I started taking Insulite PCOS system in early November 2005 after hearing about you through the internet and by the end of December I was pregnant. I am just thrilled that I have been so lucky and don't know what I would have done if I hadn't discovered Insulite and I want to thank you all very much for helping me achieve my wish."
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PCOS a Leading Cause of Infertility
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Thank you to all of those who have taken the time and energy to put together a system that can help people feel normal and enjoy life the way you should. Not to mention all the ingredients in the Insulite PCOS System are healthy and can be taken without having any negative side effects. I'm forever in debt!"
Heather Siegle
  Waukee, IA
"In three weeks I have lost 3 pounds, my sugar level has dropped about 10 points on average, my face has cleared up dramatically, and I feel a lot better overall.

"I have told everyone I know about your product and I have been a walking billboard this week! I have had several compliments on my new found appearance...color in my checks, very little acne and my face looks great and even with just 3 pounds gone people are asking me if I have lost weight !

"I think that every woman that even thinks she may have PCOS needs to know about your products. Especially the women who have been told that they cannot have children because of infertility from PCOS. Every woman should have the joy of having a child and with PCOS that is a very rare occasion.

"I believe in your product and I would like to get it out there so women will have a choice."
Nina Madewell
  Dickson, TN
"Your internet site has been so educational and made me realize that I'm not going mad and there is a way to control this PCOS.

Although I have never met any of your staff I feel that I get more positive response from you all than my doctors for the last five years.

I'm just so grateful for your organization. You have given me so much hope and something to look forward to. I feel as if I'm dealing with professionals who care about what happens to their patient."

As women it's vital for us to look good and feel good. It's part of our make up; it's what makes us thrive. This is not about being vain - this is about well being and confidence."
Daniella McKnight
  England
"For obese PCOS women weight loss of more than 5% of pretreatment weight restores menstrual regularity in 89%, of whom 30% achieved spontaneous pregnancy."
Saleh AM, Khalil HS. Review of non-surgical and surgical treatment and the role of insulin-sensitizing agents in the management of infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004 Jul;83(7):614-621.
"I just recently started the program and can already tell a difference. The acne I've been plagued with since my early teens is almost completely gone and my facial hair hasn't grown out at all this week. On top of all that, I have also made changes in my diet and exercise and have lost 10 lbs. already!"

"Until I found your web site, I never realized that there were alternatives to surgery or that Insulin Resistance was the cause of PCOS. Everything finally made sense to me."
TJ
  Dallas, TX
"So far I am very, very happy with my results. Per my hairdresser I have new hair coming in. The greatest things to me are I have had 4 cycles all on my own and my sex drive is increasing!"
KW
  Check, VA
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